Actitudes hacia el síndrome de Münchhausen por poderes / Attitudes towards Münchhausen Syndrome by Proxy

Münchhausen’s syndrome by proxy (MSBP) is a form of child abuse characterized by the primary caregiver of a minor simulating or fabricating symptoms in him/her of a physical, psychiatric type or both. The aim is to study the attitudes of the general population towards SMP, determining whether there are differences according to variables, as well as attachment, family structure, levels of anxiety, and the degree of contact with people diagnosed with mental disorders. Have been selected 268 Spanish subjects participated (153 females, M= 33.08 years, SD= 13.875) by opinion sampling. Significant differences were found in attitudes towards SMP as a function of educational level, presence of disorganized attachment indicators, family structure and S/A levels. This study contributes to the analysis of the attitudes of the general population towards the SMP and to its better understanding (AU)

Concept of Affective Dependence and Validation of an Affective Dependence Scale.

Background: There is a degree of affective interdependence that is considered normal and only becomes pathological if it causes excessive suffering, both for the subject and for those close to them. Our objective was to introduce and psychometrically validate a short and effective affective dependency scale, the Affective Dependence Scale (ADS-9). Methods: We used a sample of 762 participants (clinical: emotional dependent subjects n = 212, comparison: non-emotionally-dependent addicted subjects n = 272, and general population n = 278) to assess the factor structure, the psychological construct validity and the measurement invariance for the ADS-9 by means of independent exploratory factor analyses for each sample group and subsequent multigroup confirmatory factor analyses. Results: Our results confirm that ADS-9 is a psychometrically consistent instrument, with construct and clinical validity, as well as configural, metric and scalar invariance across different sample groups (clinical, comparison and general population). A hypothesized two-dimensional structure was confirmed by means of factor analyses. Both sub-scales of this abbreviated form, Submission and Craving, showed a good agreement with the previously validated Relationships and Sentimental Dependencies Inventory (IRIDS-100). Conclusion: The ADS-9 is a brief instrument that appears to reliably detect the dependent and pathological components of affective dependence. It consists of two sub-scales, describing Submission (adaptation, accommodation, and subjugation) and Craving (imperative need for the other with the presence of disturbing states). We suggest that it is a versatile scale that may be useful for clinicians and researchers.

Dependencia emocional en agresores de pareja asistentes a un programa de intervención de penas y medidas alternativas: estudio piloto / A pilot study of emotional dependence on couple aggressors attending an intervention program for penalties and alternative measures

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Violence against women is a problem with multiple determinants. Specifically, the following study aims to analyze the correlation between emotional dependence and gender violence in male aggressors. Participants in this pilot study were 53 men between ages of 20 and 71 (M= 43.17; DT= 12.507), attending the intervention program for aggressors in the service of handling penalties and alternative measures (Principado de Asturias, España). A direct correlation between emotional dependence and intimate partner violence could not be established. However, a correlation between psychological and physical violence was established, psychological psychological violence being the most frequent. Also it was observed a high number of external causes reported by the participants. Violent behaviors carried out within the couple would result from a combination of both individual variables of the aggressor and their environment. Suggestions are made for future interventions seeking to reduce the incidence of such aggressions

Valor predictivo de la impulsividad en los usos problemáticos de internet y del teléfono móvil en nativos digitales / Predictive value of impulsivity in problematic uses of the internet and mobile phones in digital natives

Antecedentes: Debido al gran desarrollo que se está produciendo en las Nuevas Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (NTIC) resulta de interés evaluar el uso inadecuado que se está haciendo de ellas, así como también analizar sus posibles factores de riesgo. Objetivo: Analizar los posibles usos problemáticos de Internet y del teléfono móvil de adolescentes y jóvenes adultos en relación con el constructo impulsividad. Método: Para ello, se utilizó una muestra de 191 participantes con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y los 38 años (X = 22.72; DT = 4.38) que han respondido sobre sus experiencias en el uso de Internet y del teléfono móvil, así como sobre su propensión a actuar de modo impulsivo. Resultados: Casi la mitad de los nativos digitales muestran un uso problemático ocasional de Internet y del teléfono móvil, siendo los sujetos más jóvenes los que muestran una mayor tendencia a un uso inadecuado. Asimismo, se ha verifica-do que la impulsividad y la edad son variables predictivas del uso inadecuado de Internet y del teléfono móvil, siendo la variable edad la que mejor predice esos usos inadecuados. Discusión: Se discuten las implicaciones de tales usos problemáticos y se proponen líneas de intervención

Background: Due to the enormous developments taking place in New Information and Com-munication Technology (NICT), evaluating inadequate use of them is of particular interest, and analyzing possible risk factors. Objective: To analyze the possible problematic uses of the Internet and mobile phones in teenagers and young adults in relation to the impulsivity con-struct. Method: To do this, we used a sample of 191 participants aged between 15 and 38 years (X = 22.72, SD = 4.38) who responded to questions about their use of the Internet and mobile phones, as well as their propensity to act impulsively.Results: Almost half of the digital natives report occasional problematic use of the Internet and mobile phones, with younger subjects showing a greater tendency to use them improperly. Likewise, it has been verified that the age and impulsivity variables are predictive variables of the inadequate use of the Internet and mobile phones, with age being the variable that best predicts these inappropriate uses. Discussion:The implications of such problematic uses are discussed and lines of intervention are proposed

Psychometric properties of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) in adolescents and young adults from Southern Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: Alcohol abuse is a worldwide health problem because of its association with high rates of morbidity, mortality, and interpersonal conflicts. In Mexico, young people are the group most severely affected by high levels of alcohol intake. This study attempts to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in the Mexican youth population, since validation studies do not currently exist. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An opinion sampling method was used based on the inclusion criteria for the study and the accessibility of the sample. Participants' ages ranged from 14 to 30, and 44.2% (N = 854) were male and 55.8% (N = 1078) were female. RESULTS: The psychometric guarantees of AUDIT have been confirmed, highlighting the value of Alpha Cronbach (.804) of the scale, and the validity of its internal structure through a confirmatory factor analysis, which showed the validity of the model of the three factors (Risky use, Dependence symptoms, and Harmful alcohol use). The results confirm a pattern of non-daily use, and concentrated, excess use on a single occasion. The existence of significant differences has also been confirmed in terms of the legal drinking age in some of the indicators used, and the risk of alcohol consumption increases with age. CONCLUSIONS: The appropriate psychometric properties of AUDIT have been confirmed in the Mexican youth population. It shows a public health issue that requires the design of prevention programs that impact risk factors and promote protective factors.

Actitudes hacia la pena de prisión permanente revisable y su relación con el autoritarismo / Attitudes towards the punishment permanent prison revisable and its relationship with the authoritarianism

Antecedentes: La pena de prisión permanente revisable (PPPR) es una condena privativa de libertad aprobada en 2015 por el Gobierno español. El autoritarismo representa un estilo de personalidad caracterizado por ejercer una forma de poder opresivo carente de voluntad y libertad. En el presente estudio se relacionan ambos constructos a objeto de determinar si existe una relación entre la actitud favorable a esta pena y la personalidad autoritaria. Método: Se aplican tres escalas (Escala F, RWA y Escala de Actitudes adaptada) a 156 participantes elegidos mediante selección probabilística incidental, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 83 años (M=31.256, DT=12.77), recogiendo además su nivel de estudios y orientación política. Resultados y conclusiones: Se ha comprobado que las personas más autoritarias presentan una actitud más favorable hacia la pena de prisión permanente revisable. Se han hallado puntuaciones más elevadas en autoritarismo en posiciones de ideología política extrema, y en los grupos de mayor edad. Respecto a la actitud hacia la PPPR se ha hallado una postura más favorable en el grupo de mayor edad. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos hallazgos a nivel psicosocial

Background: The penalty of revisable permanent prison (PPPR) is a custodial sentence approved in 2015 by the Spanish Government. Athoritarianism represents a style of personality characterized by exercising a form of oppressive power lacking in will and freedom. In the present study, both constructs are related in order to determine if there is a correlation between a favorable attitude to this punishment and authoritarian personality. Method: Three scales (The F Scale, RWA and adapted Attitude Scale) are applied to 156 subjects chosen through incidental probabilistic selection, with ages ranging from 18 to 83 years old (M=31.256, DT=12.77), including their education level and political orientation. Results and conclusions: It is observed that, to a greater authoritarian aggression, there will a favorable attitude towards this punishment. The results show higher scores in authoritarianism in extreme political ideology positions, also in the older age groups; in relation to the attitude towards the PPPR, a favorable position is observed in the older group. The implications at a psychosocial level of these findings are discussed

Consumo de alcohol, conducta antisocial e impulsividad en adolescentes españoles / Consumo de álcool, conduta antissocial e impulsividade em adolescentes espanhóis / Alcohol consumption, antisocial behavior and impulsivity in Spanish adolescents

Resumen La relación entre el consumo de alcohol y la conducta antisocial en adolescentes ha sido ampliamente reportada en investigaciones anteriores. El objetivo principal de este estudio es evaluar dicha relación, además de estudiar cómo influye en ella la impulsividad. Se utilizó la Escala Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI) para evaluar el consumo de alcohol, la Escala de Conducta Antisocial y Delictiva en Adolescentes, y la Escala de Impulsividad de Barratt para la conducta antisocial. Se hizo un muestreo no probabilístico de tipo intencional que resultó en una muestra compuesta por 212 adolescentes con edades entre los 12 y los 18 años (M = 14.1, DE = 1.48). Los resultados mostraron que las variables que mejor predicen la conducta antisocial en adolescentes son el consumo de alcohol y la impulsividad cognitiva; y se comprobó que existen diferencias significativas en la conducta antisocial según el género, pero no en función del consumo de alcohol. Respecto al nivel de edad, se encontraron diferencias significativas entre todos los niveles de edad en el consumo de alcohol; así como diferencias en la conducta antisocial entre la adolescencia temprana y la adolescencia media, y entre la adolescencia temprana y la adolescencia tardía. Se discuten las posibles implicaciones de la vinculación entre el consumo de alcohol y el delito, en virtud de los resultados obtenidos.

Resumo A relação entre o consumo de álcool e a conduta antissocial em adolescentes tem sido amplamente relatada em pesquisas anteriores. O objetivo principal deste estudo é avaliar tal relação, além de estudar como a impulsividade tem influência nela. Utilizou-se a Escala Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (Rapi) para avaliar o consumo de álcool, a Escala de Condutas Antissociais e Delitivas em Adolescentes e a Escala de Impulsividade de Barratt para a conduta antissocial. Foi feita uma amostragem não probabilística de tipo intencional que resultou em uma amostra composta por 212 adolescentes com idades entre 12 e 18 anos (M = 14.1, DP = 1.48). Os resultados mostraram que as variáveis que melhor predizem a conduta antissocial em adolescentes são o consumo de álcool e a impulsividade cognitiva; ainda, ficou comprovado que existem diferenças significativas na conduta social de acordo com o gênero, mas não em função do consumo de álcool. Com relação ao nível de idade, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre todos os níveis de idade no consumo de álcool, assim como diferenças na conduta antissocial entre a adolescência precoce e a adolescência média, e entre a adolescência precoce e a adolescência tardia. Discutem-se as possíveis implicações da associação entre o consumo de álcool e o delito em virtude dos resultados obtidos.

Abstract The relationship between alcohol use and antisocial behaviour in teenagers has been widely reported in previous research. Our main aim was to evaluate this relationship, and also to study how impulsivity influences it. The instruments used were the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI), to evaluate alcohol consumption; the Scale of Antisocial and Criminal Behaviour in Teenagers, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, to assess these behaviors in the youth. The sampling method was non probabilistic and intentional, and the sample consisted of 212 teenagers aged between 12 and 18 years (Average=14.1, SD=1.48). The results showed that the variables which better predict anti-social behaviour in teenagers are alcohol consumption and cognitive impulsiveness. On the other hand, it was found that there are significant differences in antisocial behavior according to gender, but not in terms of alcohol consumption. Regarding age level, significant differences were found in alcohol consumption between all age levels, and in antisocial behavior are concentrated between early and medium adolescence, and between early and late adolescence. The possible implications of the link between alcohol consumption and crime by virtue of the results obtained are discussed.

Bidependencia, percepción del riesgo de abandono y adherencia al tratamiento en drogodependientes / Bidependency, perception of drug addicts' risk of abandonment and adherence to treatment

Introducción: La baja adherencia al tratamiento constituye en adictos un factor facilitador de una posible recaída, siendo otro predictor del fracaso terapéutico la dependencia emocional. Objetivos: Explorar el constructo Bidependencia, entendido como una doble dependencia (a sustancias psicoactivas y a relaciones interpersonales), determinando un perfil diferencial respecto a una adicción únicamente a sustancias y relacionarlo con la percepción del riesgo de abandono y la adherencia al tratamiento. Metodología: La muestra consta de 107 participantes adictos en tratamiento y cuyas edades fluctúan entre los 18 y los 66 años (Media: 45,54; DT: 10,15). Resultados: Se ha hallado un perfil clínico diferencial entre adictos bidependientes y sujetos adictos no bidependientes. También se presentan diferencias significativas entre estos dos grupos en la percepción del riesgo de abandono y la adherencia al tratamiento, siendo el grupo bidependiente el que presenta mayor riesgo de fracaso terapéutico. Conclusiones: Dada la importancia de la adherencia al tratamiento en adictos se invita a una reflexión y se aboga por dar continuidad a esta novedosa línea de investigación

The aim of this piece of research is to explore the bidependency construct, which can be understood as double dependency (on a psychoactive substance and interpersonal relationships), shaping a different profile with respect to an addiction only to substances. The sample was made up of 115 participants in treatment of both sexes and of ages from 18 to 66, at the time of the investigation, (Querage: 45.54; SD: 10.15). The research used the Spouce- Specific Dependency - SSDS- (Rathus & O'Leary, 1997, adapted by Esposito et al., 2000), the Inventory of Interpersonal Relationships and Sentimental Dependencies -IRIDS 100- (Sirvent & Moral, 2007, and the Questionnaire Prediction of Therapeutic Abandonment in addiction (vs. Success) -VPA 30- (Sirvent, 2009). A different clinical profile was discovered between bidependent addicts and non-bidependent addicts. Significant differences were also found between these two groups with regard to adherence to the treatment and the risk of abandonment. The bidependent group were the ones with the greatest risk. This calls for reflection and continuing with a new line of research

Actitudes de permisividad y resistencia, motivaciones y percepción de riesgo ante el consumo de alcohol en estudiantes mexicanos / Attitudes of permissiveness and resistance, motivations and perception of risk as regards alcohol consumption in Mexican students

En este estudio se propone como objetivo analizar las diferencias en actitudes de permisividad y resistencia, motivaciones y percepciones de riesgo ante el consumo de alcohol en función de las intoxicaciones etílicas reportadas y por niveles de edad y género en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios mexicanos. Método: Se han seleccionado 333 jóvenes mexicanos estudiantes de Ciencias Sociales con edades comprendidas entre los 17 y 25 años (X=19.90; DT=1.60) consultándoles acerca de las motivaciones para beber, las percepciones de riesgo, así como las actitudes ante el consumo. Resultados: Se ha comprobado que las actitudes de resistencia son mayores entre los jóvenes que afirman no haber tenido una intoxicación etílica en el último mes en cualquier agrupamiento de edad y mayores en los que han tenido un episodio de intoxicación etílica respecto a los que han tenido varios. Asimismo, se ha confirmado una mayor actitud de permisividad en quienes refieren un mayor consumo de alcohol tanto en chicos como en chicas en el último mes. Por su parte, los motivadores y el modelado grupal son significativamente mayores entre los que se han emborrachado en el último mes, si bien no se confirman las diferencias en los motivadores de consumo basados en la búsqueda de efectos ni de la percepción de riesgo. Discusión: Estos resultados se discuten en función de los estudios más relevantes en la temática de esta investigación abundando en la conveniencia de una intervención integral ante esta problemática

In this study we seek to analyze the differences in attitudes of permissiveness and resistance, motivations and perceptions of risk as regards alcohol consumption based on reported alcohol intoxication levels and by age and gender in a sample of Mexican college students. Methods: 333 Mexican students of Social Sciences aged between 17 and 25 years (X = 19.90, SD = 1.60) were selected, consulting them about the motivations for drinking, risk perceptions and attitudes to consumption. Results: Attitudes of resistance were found to be higher among young people who say they have had no alcohol poisoning in the last month in any age grouping and greater in those who have had one episode of alcohol intoxication than those who had had several. It also confirmed a more permissive attitude of those who report a higher alcohol consumption in both boys and girls, in the last month. The motivators and modeling group were significantly higher among those who have been drunk in the last month, although the differences in consumer motivators based on the search for effects and the perception of risk is not confirmed. Discussion: These results are discussed in terms of the most relevant studies on the subject of this research, elaborating on the usefulness of comprehensive intervention in this problema

Evaluation of Self-Deception: Validation of the IAM-40 Inventory

This paper describes the constructs of pathological self-deception (the inability to detect the negative effect of one’s own behaviour) and mystification (an extreme form of self-deception which affects daily life) by way of a brief historical review of the instruments used to evaluate self-deception and desirability. The Self-Deception and Mystification Inventory (IAM-40) is presented for the first time; it is made up of forty items and five factors (insincerity, manipulation, denial mechanisms, an interested perception of reality and mystification). The general objective of this investigation is to validate the Inventory of Self-Deception, including both its general scale and the factors and constructs of self-deception and mystification, in a study of 159 addict patients (clinical population sample) and 124 general population participants. Significant differences are found, as predicted, between both subpopulations, with a greater level of pathology of all studied indicators in the clinical sample. The clinical existence of self-deception and mystification is concluded. The IAM-40 is also proven to be an adequate and useful instrument for diagnostic purposes and for day-to-day clinical management. The critical discussion is based on a proposal for psychotherapeutic and sociotherapeutic ad hoc treatment (AU)

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Adaptación escolar de la etnia gitana: relevancia de las variables psicosociales determinantes / School adjustment of the gypsy etnia: relevancy of the variables psicosociales determinant

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la integración de los niños pertenecientes a la etnia gitana en edad de escolarización primaria en su grupo escolar e identificar los factores determinantes de esta adaptación. Hemos trabajado con toda la población de escolares del concejo de Corvera de Asturias (compuesta por 42 niños gitanos y 439 no gitanos). Los resultados indican una pobre integración de los niños gitanos en su grupo de clase, tanto en las actividades académicas como en las relativas al tiempo libre y de ocio. Se encontraron factores de riesgo para el rechazo en el conjunto de variables familiares evaluadas, así como en el de las personales. Los factores de riesgo más relevantes para predecir la integración en el grupo de pares son el nivel educativo y académico de los padres y madres, el interés por las actividades escolares de los niños y la sensibilidad social hacia sus compañeros entre otros. S presentan las implicaciones de estos resultados y la líneas de intervención a desarrollar en el futuro para una mejor integración de la etnia gitana(AU)

The present study has as aim analyze the integration of the children belonging to the gypsy etnia in age of primary education in his school group and identify the determinant factors of this adjustment. We have worked with the whole population of students of Corvera's council of Asturias (composed by 42 gypsy children and not gypsy 439). The results indicate a poor integration of the gypsy children in his group of class, both in the academic activities and in the relative ones to the free time and of leisure. They found factors of risk for the rejection in the set of familiar evaluated variables, as well as in of the personnels. The most relevant factors of risk to predict the integration in the group of couples are the educational and academic level of the parents and mothers, the interest for the school activities of the children and the social sensibility towards his companions between others. S there present the implications of these results and the líneas of intervention to developing in the future for a better integration of the gypsy etnia (AU)

Consumo abusivo de alcohol en adolescentes españoles: tendencias emergentes y percepciones de riesgo / Improper consumption of alcohol in Spanish teenagers: emergent trends and perceptions of risk

El consumo juvenil de alcohol representa, en la cultura mediterránea, una práctica caracterísada por usos recreativos, ligada a procesos de interacción grupal e identitarios. Nuestro objetivo es ofrecer un análisis descriptivo y diferencial, por niveles de edad e ingesta realizada, de las tendencias de consumo de alcohol, así como de las percepciones de riesgo y motivadores de consumo, en un colectivo de 845 adolescentes escolarizados del Principado de Asturias (España). Se confirman las tendencias emergentes sobre hábitos de consumo de alcohol y los patrones de uso/abuso representativos del estilo de ocio juvenil, así como motivaciones y percepciones de riesgo diferenciales en virtud de la mentalidad del usuario. Se avanzan líneas prospectivas de actuación basadas en intervenciones psicosociales y sociocomunitarias.

In the Mediterranean culture the young consumption of alcohol represents a practice associated with a recreative culture tied to processes of group interaction and identity. Our aim is to offer a descriptive and differential analysis for levels of age and ingestion realized of the trends of consumption of alcohol, as well as the perceptions of risk and motivations of consumption in a group of 845 Spanish teenagers of the Principado de Asturias. The emergent trends are confirmed on habits of consumption of alcohol and the representative bosses of use/abuse of the style of juvenile leisure, as well as motivations and differential perceptions of risk by virtue of the mentality of the user. There are advanced market lines of prevention based on psychosocial interventions and socio community.

Experimentación con sustancias psicoactivas en adolescentes españoles: perfil de consumo en función de los niveles de edad / Psychoactive substances experimentation in spanish adolescents: Consumption profile by levels of age

La experimentación juvenil con drogas iniciáticas (alcohol y tabaco) y, en menor medida, con otras sustancias ilegales, se halla asociada a pautas de ocio juvenil caracterizadas por la sobreactivación, la vinculación grupal y la satisfacción hedónica en prácticas propias de la cultura recreativa. El inicio precoz se sitúa en los primeros añosde la adolescencia, de ahí que se haya realizado un estudio exploratorio con una muestra de estudiantes de educación secundaria del Principado de Asturias (España) con edades comprendidas entre los doce y los dieciocho años. El objetivo del estudio es ofrecer un perfil diferencialde consumo en función de los niveles de edad. Se ha hallado una tendencia de consumo de fin de semana conmayor habituación y frecuencia de experimentación en niveles superiores. Se ha confirmado la manifestación dela mentalidad del usuario con una percepción de riesgo distorsionada. Se concluye que han de promoverse políticas preventivas a nivel educativo, estatal y comunitario.

The young experimentation with initiation drugs (alcohol and tobacco) and, by smaller measurement, with illegal psychoactive substances is associated to young leisure trends distinguished by super activation, peer-groups tying and the satisfaction in own practices of the recreativeculture. The precocious consumption is placed in first years of adolescence, so we have achieved an exploratorystudy with a sample of secondary school students of the Principado de Asturias (Spain) between twelve and eighteenyears old. The aim of the study is to offer a differential profile of consumption depending on the levels of age. A week-end consumption trend with more habituation and use frequency by level of age has been found out. The user mentality with a distorted risk perception has been confirmed. We conclude that preventive to educative, state and community level politics ought to be promoted.

[Attitudinal changes and reduction of alcohol use in adolescents following a psychosocial intervention program]. / Cambios actitudinales y reducción del consumo de alcohol en adolescentes a partir de un programa de intervención psicosocial.

Experimentation with alcohol constitutes a problem on the increase among young people in recent years, and mean age at first consumption has fallen. The goal of the present work was to carry out an exploratory study of attitudes toward alcohol use in terms of three dimensions (cognitive, affective and behavioural) in a sample of 755 secondary school pupils from the Principality of Asturias (Spain). Subsequently, we selected a sample of 141 adolescents described as at risk in view of their more permissive attitudes in relation to their lower age level (mean= 14.24 years), with the aim of applying a socio-educational preventive programme that included follow-up assessments at two, seven and twelve months. The results showed the preventive efficacy of the didactic activities programmed, a strengthening of attitudes contrary to experimentation with alcohol, and greater resistance to peer pressure, as well as the modification of patterns and frequency of use. Of the four programs applied (Family Intervention, Expert, Information, and Basic Sensitization), we found greater preventive efficacy for the competence-enhancement and psychosocial intervention programs, compared to the merely informational type.

Dependencia afectiva y género: perfil sintomático diferencial en dependientes afectivos españoles / Affective dependence and gender: symptomatic profile in Spanish affective dependents

Se ofrece un análisis clínico y psicosocial de la Dependencia Afectiva descrita como un tipo de dependencia sentimental caracterizada por la manifestación de comportamientos adictivos de apego patológico en la relación interpersonal. Se han evaluado los factores sintomáticos diferenciales de 78 casos diagnosticados de dependencia afectiva mediante el Test de Dependencias Sentimentales (TDS-100) con respecto a la población general (N=311). Según el perfil hallado se comprueba que los dependientes afectivos experimentan una dependencia pura con posesividad y manifestación de craving y abstinencia, presentan desajustes afectivos en forma de sentimientos negativos (culpa, vacío emocional, miedo al abandono) e inescapabilidad emocional, manifiestan conflictos de Identidad (pseudosimbiosis) y usan un locus de control externo. En población clínica se ha hallado que los varones son más buscadores de sensaciones y se muestran más inflexibles (Yo rígido) y las mujeres emplean más mecanismos de negación y no afrontamiento con conciencia de problema nula o distorsionada.(AU)

It offers a clinical and psychosocial analysis of the Affective Dependence, described as a type of sentimental dependence characterized by the manifestation of addictive behaviors of pathological attachment in the interpersonal relation. We have evaluated the symptomatic differential factors of 78 cases diagnosed of affective dependence by means of the Test of Sentimental Dependences (TDS-100) with regard to the general population (N=311). In agreement to the found differential profile in affective dependents we verify that they show a pure Dependence with possessively and craving and abstinence, they develop experience affective disruptions with negative feelings (blame, emotional vacuum, fear of abandonment), and emotional inscape sentiment, identity conflicts (pseudo symbiosis) and an extern control locus. In clinical population has found that the males are more seekers of sensations and they prove a stiff Self and the women use more mechanisms of denial and not confrontation, with void or distorted conscience of problem.(AU)

Cambios en las representaciones sociales sobre las drogas y sus usuarios en la sociedad Española / Changes in the social representations on drugs and their users in Spanish (private) society

Neste artigo são descritos as representações sociais sobre a experiência dos jovens com substâncias psicoativas e as mudanças nas tendências dominantes sobre os riscos associados ao consumo de álcool na cultura mediterrânea e outras drogas, como os derivados canábicos ou os psicoestimulantes. Propõe-se, como estratégia preventiva e de intervenção psicossocial e sociocomunitária, atuar na reflexão das representações sociais e o discurso dominante sobre as drogas para redimensionar as conseqüências da experiência com substâncias psicoativas, aumentar as percepções do risco e promover mudanças de atitude que culminem em tendência positiva, salubre em nível global (AU)

Desajustes socioafectivos y autoconcepto general en adolescentes y su implicación a nivel psicosocial / SocioAffective Disarrangements and General self-Concept in adolescents and their implication at a psychosocial level

En condicione cambiantes como las actuales con crisis en lo personal, académico y social, se ofrece un análisis de los desajustes que sufren los adolescentes en la esfera socioafectiva y emocional. Para ello se a seleccionado una muestra integrda por 630 estudiantes de secundaria con edades cmprendidas entre los 12 y 19 años. Los resultados hallados se ofrecen como exponenete de lan no-generalidad de los desajustes transitorios durante la adolescencia y se reafirma la tendencia adesmitificar la generalización de los trastornos emocionales en este estadio. También, se constata valoración positiva de los cnceptos de sí msmos y se insiste en el papel protector de unas adecuadas relaciones con el grupo de iguales (AU)

This paper analyses the socioaffective and emotional disarrangements which adolescents suffer in changing conditions like our current ones, with crises occurring at personal, academic, and social levels. A sample ntegrated by 630 high-school students, aged 12 to 19 years, was selected. We present results which relfect the non-generality of transitory disarrangements during adolescence, therefore refuting the trend of generalissing emotional disarrangements during this stage of deelopment A positive valuation of their self-concepts was also verified. The paper finly considers the protective role of adequate relations within the peer group (AU)

Factores relacionados con las actitudes juveniles hacia el consumo de alcohol y otras sustancias psicoactivas / Factors related to young people’s attitudes to the consumption of alcohol and other psychoactive substances

En este estudio se analizaron las variables relacionadas con el consumo juvenil de alcohol y otras sustancias psicoactivas, y con las actitudes hacia la experimentación. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 755 estudiantes de entre doce y dieciséis años, pertenecientes a cuatro centros de Secundaria del Principado de Asturias. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la multideterminación de este fenómeno. Se comprueba que la actitud juvenil hacia el consumo de sustancias es más favorable cuanto menor sea la percepción de riesgo, mayores las creencias distorsionadas y más permisiva sea la disposición para el consumo de alcohol y otras drogas ilegales. Otros factores determinantes son la relación con el grupo de iguales consumidores de drogas, las conductas antisociales e indicios de búsqueda de atención

In this study we analyzed variables related to the consumption of alcohol and other psychoactive substances among young people, and to their attitudes towards experimentation. The sample was made up of 775 pupils aged 12 to 16 from four secondary schools in the Principality of Asturias (northern Spain). The results obtained confirm the multi-causal nature of these phenomena. The attitudes of young people towards substance use was found to be more favourable the lower the perception of risk, the more mistaken their beliefs and the more permissive their disposition to the use of alcohol and other illegal drug. Other determining factors are their relationship with peer groups that use drugs, antisocial behaviours and attention-seeking indications

[Factors related to young people's attitudes to the consumption of alcohol and other psychoactive substances]. / Factores relacionados con las actitudes juveniles hacia el consumo de alcohol y otras sustancias psicoactivas.

In this study we analyzed variables related to the consumption of alcohol and other psychoactive substances among young people, and to their attitudes towards experimentation. The sample was made up of 775 pupils aged 12 to 16 from four secondary schools in the Principality of Asturias (northern Spain). The results obtained confirm the multi-causal nature of these phenomena. The attitudes of young people towards substance use was found to be more favourable the lower the perception of risk, the more mistaken their beliefs and the more permissive their disposition to the use of alcohol and other illegal drug. Other determining factors are their relationship with peer groups that use drugs, antisocial behaviours and attention-seeking indications.

Iuventus digitalis y Iuventus ludens como tipologías psicosociológicas de jóven@s contemporáne@s / Iuventus digitalis and Iuventus ludens as psychosociological typology of contemporary youth

Vivimos en unas particulares condiciones que delimitan una sociedad mass-mediática, postindustrial, digitalizada y postmoderna y que influyen en el estatuto psicosocial de los jóvenes contemporáneos. En esta aproximación psicosociológica se emplean las etiquetas iuventus digitales y iuventus ludens para describir a una subcultura juvenil asociada, por un lado, a la emergencia de un proceso de extensión de las nuevas tecnologías en la sociedad digitalizada que afectan a la naturaleza de los contactos interpersonales de los jóvenes. Por otro lado, se vincula a la progresiva instalación de una civilización del ocio que adopta la forma de ociosidad activa y sobreactivación distractora en el caso del colectivo juvenil asociada a renovados modos de diversión nocturna. Se reafirma la necesidad de proceder a estudiar la adolescencia y la juventud sin sojuzgamientos previos, analizando desde diversas perspectivas semejante período vital mitificado. Asimismo, se ofrece un análisis psicosociológico de la transición de la generación de las incógnitas (X e Y) de los jóvenes de los años noventa a la actual Gener@ción Web, etiquetaje con el que se hace referencia a un cultura juvenil sometida al impacto sociocultural de las nuevas tecnologías

We are living particular conditions that define a mass-mediatic, post-industrial, digital and postmodernist society influencing the psychosocial statute of the contemporary young people. In this psycho-sociological approach we use two labels iuventus digitalis and iuventus ludens, to describe a partner youthful subculture, on the one hand, during the emergence of the extension process of new technologies in digital society affecting the nature of the youth interpersonal contacts. By the other hand, it is in connection with the progressive fittings of a leisure civilization that approve the activate idleness and the amused activation in the youthful collective associated to renew ways of nocturnal amusement. We strengthen the need of proceeding to study adolescence and youth without previous subjection, analyzing similar mythical vital age from several outlooks. Likewise, we offer a psycho-sociological analysis of the unknown (X and Y) generation transition of the ninety’s young people to the contemporary Web Gener@tion, label referenced to a youthful subculture submitted to the new technologies culture impact